The role of digital forensics in criminal investigations in the Republic of Kazakhstan

The study explores the role of digital forensics in the context of criminal investigations in Kazakhstan, focusing on how digital evidence such as CCTV footage, mobile data, and social media content is collected, analysed, and used. Drawing on policy documents, case studies, and legal frameworks, the research highlights the expanding use of surveillance technologies, artificial intelligence, and big data in both crime prevention and state control. While digital forensics enhances capabilities in tackling cybercrime and fraud, its use in monitoring political dissent raises concerns about civil liberties. The study also identifies major legal, technical, and institutional challenges affecting the reliability and admissibility of digital evidence in court, including vague legislation, inconsistent procedures, and insufficient regulatory oversight. The study contributes both practically and theoretically to discussions on digital forensics practices withing evolving legal systems. It proposes measures to strengthen evidentiary standards, advance legal reform, and enhance institutional capacity, while emphasising the need for increased transparency and ethical governance in digital forensic practices.