Precision medicine in cancer: A comprehensive review of advanced cancer diagnosis technologies and personalized treatment strategies

Abstract Precision oncology has initiated a profound paradigm shift in clinical cancer care, replacing historical, empirical treatment models with highly individualized, multi‐omics‐driven therapeutic strategies. However, translating high‐throughput analytical insights into universal bedside execution remains a formidable challenge due to technological fragmentation and systemic bottlenecks. This review comprehensively synthesizes the evolutionary trajectory of genomic, transcriptomic, epigenetic, and spatial multi‐omic diagnostic pipelines. We dissect how the clinical integration of next‐generation sequencing, single‐cell diagnostics, and high‐resolution spatial mapping has refined patient stratification and enabled the deployment of next‐generation modalities, including tumor‐agnostic therapies, antibody‐drug conjugates, and individualized neoantigen mRNA vaccines. Furthermore, we critically evaluate the emergence of functional precision medicine platforms, specifically patient‐derived tumor organoids, for in vitro drug screening alongside real‐time, longitudinal monitoring via liquid biopsies and minimal residual disease tracking. Finally, we examine the pivotal role of artificial intelligence in translating big data into actionable clinical workflows while addressing the regulatory, economic, and accessibility barriers impeding equitable global deployment. Ultimately, this work provides a unified, cross‐disciplinary blueprint to accelerate the transition of precision oncology from data‐rich analytical exploration to definitive clinical execution.